Karakter ležišta i svojstva močvarne željezne rude na položaju Kalinovac – Hrastova greda: model za analizu eksploatacije i uporabe ruda u arheološkim razdobljima

Scientific paper - Original scientific paper

• Title (english): Nature of the deposit and properties of bog iron ore at the Kalinovac – Hrastova Greda: a model for the analysis of ore exploitation and use in archaeological periods
• Author: Tena Karavidović
• Author: Tomislav Brenko
• Author's institution: University of Zagreb; Faculty of Mining, Geology and Petroleum Engineering; (Department of Mineralogy, Petrology and Mineral Resources)
• Scientific / art field, discipline and subdiscipline: NATURAL SCIENCES; Geology
• Scientific / art field, discipline and subdiscipline: HUMANISTIC SCIENCES; Archeology

Abstract (croatian)

Temeljna sirovina za proizvodnju željeza tijekom kasne antike i ranoga srednjeg vijeka na prostoru Podravine bila je močvarna željezna ruda. Analiza rudnih ležišta i svojstava ruda može doprinjeti razumijevanju prirodnih mehanizama koji uvjetuju način eksploatacije i uporabu ruda u prošlosti. Međutim, ubikacija ležišta je izazovna zbog mogućnosti degradacije, potpunoga iskorištavanja te inhibicije obnove ili razvoja ležišta, prvenstveno uzrokovanih ljudskom aktivnošću i utjecajem na okoliš. U suvremenome krajoliku Podravine najviši potencijal za razvoj ležišta i jedino, djelomično razoreno ležište, ustanovljeno je na položaju Kalinovac – Hrastova greda 1 – 3. Na osnovi njegove analize izveden je model mehanizma formiranja, fizionomije i položaja ležišta u Podravini te je povedena rasprava o metodama eksploatacije kao i potencijanim prostorima pojave ležišta u odnosu na položaje arheoloških lokaliteta s tragovima proizvodnje željeza. U svrhu analize tehnološke iskoristivosti ruda sličnih svojstava iz arheološkoga konteksta, provedeno je eksperimentalno taljenje kalinovačke rude. Na osnovi rezultata objašnjavaju se čimbenici koji su mogli onemogućiti proizvodnju spužvastoga željeza. Potonje istraživanje ukazuje i na tehnološku prilagodbu u prošlosti, preradu ruda uvjetovanu prirodnim preduvjetima, prvenstveno promjenjivim svojstvima močvarnih željeznih ruda i karakterom ležišta. Pri analizi se koriste podaci dobiveni površinskim terenskim pregledom, geoarheološkim sondiranjem, geoprostornim analizama, eksperimentalnim testiranjem i mineraloškim (XRD) te kemijskim analizama (ICP – AES) uzoraka razvojnih faza rude i zgure dobivene kroz postupak eksperimentalnoga taljenja.

Abstract (english)

The fundamental raw material used for iron production in the Podravina region during late antiquity and the early Middle Ages was the bog iron ore. Analysis of ore properties and deposits can contribute to the understanding of natural mechanisms that conditioned the exploitation and use of ores in the past. However, locating the deposits is challenging, due to the possibility of full exploitation, degradation and inhibited regeneration or development caused primarily by human activities and impact on the environment. In the modern landscape of Podravina, the Kalinovac – Hrastova Greda 1 – 3 position had the highest potential for ore development and the only, partially destroyed ore deposit. Based on its analysis, a model of the formation mechanism, physiognomy and deposit positioning in Podravina is proposed and methods of exploitation and the potential area of the deposit occurrence in relation to the positions of archaeological sites with iron production remains are discussed. To analyse the technological usability of ore samples with similar properties from the archaeological context, experimental testing of the smelting process was performed with the Kalinovac ore. Based on the results, the factors that could inhibit the production of iron blooms are explained. The latter research also implies a past technological adaptation, ore dressing conditioned by natural preconditions, primarily the variable properties of bog iron ores and the nature of the deposits. Data from surface field survey, geoarchaeological probing, geospatial analysis, experimental testing and mineralogical (XRD) and chemical analysis (ICP – AES) of samples of ore development stages and slag obtained through experimental smelting are used in the analysis.

• Keywords (croatian): močvarna željezna ruda; proizvodnja željeza; kasna antika; rani srednji vijek; geoarheologija; eksperimentalna arheologija; geoprostorne analize
• Keywords (english): bog iron ore; iron production; late antiquity; early Middle Ages; geoarchaeology; experimental archaeology; geospatial analysis
• Language: croatian
• Language: english
• Publication type: Scientific paper - Original scientific paper
• Publication status: Published
• Peer review: Peer review - international
• Publication version: Published version
• Journal title: Prilozi Instituta za arheologiju u Zagrebu
• Numbering: vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 219-261
• p-ISSN: 1330-0644
• e-ISSN: 1848-6371
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.33254/piaz.39.2.5
• URN:NBN: urn:nbn:hr:169:212889
• Publication: 2022
• Project: Number: IP-2016-06-5047; Title (croatian): Proizvodnja željeza uz rijeku Dravu u antici i srednjem vijeku: stvaranje i transfer znanja, tehnologija i roba; Title (english): Iron production along the Drava River in the Roman period and the Middle Ages: Creation and transfer of knowledge, technologies and goods; Acronym: TransFER; Leader: Tajana Sekelj-Ivančan; Jurisdiction: Croatia; Funding stream: IP
• Document URL: https://hrcak.srce.hr/287988
• Type of resource: Text
• Access conditions: Open access
• Created on: 2023-07-11 09:00:54